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55_Matmul_MaxPool_Sum_Scaleoptimized_hybrid_kernel_base

Level 2 • Task 55
import torch
import torch.nn as nn
import torch.nn.functional as F


def module_fn(
    x: torch.Tensor,
    kernel_size: int,
    scale_factor: float,
    weight: torch.Tensor,
    bias: torch.Tensor,
) -> torch.Tensor:
    """
    Performs matrix multiplication, max pooling, sum, and scaling.

    Args:
        x (torch.Tensor): Input tensor of shape (batch_size, in_features)
        kernel_size (int): Size of max pooling kernel
        scale_factor (float): Factor to scale the output by
        weight (torch.Tensor): Weight matrix of shape (out_features, in_features)
        bias (torch.Tensor): Bias vector of shape (out_features)

    Returns:
        torch.Tensor: Output tensor of shape (batch_size,)
    """
    x = F.linear(x, weight, bias)
    x = F.max_pool1d(x.unsqueeze(1), kernel_size).squeeze(1)
    x = torch.sum(x, dim=1)
    x = x * scale_factor
    return x


class Model(nn.Module):
    """
    Model that performs matrix multiplication, max pooling, sum, and scaling.
    """

    def __init__(self, in_features, out_features, kernel_size, scale_factor):
        super(Model, self).__init__()
        gemm = nn.Linear(in_features, out_features)
        self.weight = nn.Parameter(gemm.weight)
        self.bias = nn.Parameter(gemm.bias)

    def forward(self, x, kernel_size, scale_factor, fn=module_fn):
        return fn(x, kernel_size, scale_factor, self.weight, self.bias)


batch_size = 128
in_features = 10
out_features = 5
kernel_size = 2
scale_factor = 0.5


def get_inputs():
    return [torch.randn(batch_size, in_features), kernel_size, scale_factor]


def get_init_inputs():
    return [in_features, out_features, kernel_size, scale_factor]
import torch
import torch.nn as nn

class Model(nn.Module):
    """
    Model that performs matrix multiplication, max pooling, sum, and scaling.
    """
    def __init__(self, in_features, out_features, kernel_size, scale_factor):
        super(Model, self).__init__()
        self.matmul = nn.Linear(in_features, out_features)
        self.max_pool = nn.MaxPool1d(kernel_size)
        self.scale_factor = scale_factor

    def forward(self, x):
        """
        Args:
            x (torch.Tensor): Input tensor of shape (batch_size, in_features).

        Returns:
            torch.Tensor: Output tensor of shape (batch_size, out_features).
        """
        x = self.matmul(x)
        x = self.max_pool(x.unsqueeze(1)).squeeze(1)
        x = torch.sum(x, dim=1)
        x = x * self.scale_factor
        return x

batch_size = 128
in_features = 10
out_features = 5
kernel_size = 2
scale_factor = 0.5

def get_inputs():
    return [torch.randn(batch_size, in_features)]

def get_init_inputs():
    return [in_features, out_features, kernel_size, scale_factor]

Kernel Information

Related Kernels (Level 2, Task 55 • 55_Matmul_MaxPool_Sum_Scale)

Rank Kernel Name Runtime (ms) Speedup Native Speedup Compile
🥇 optimized_shared_warp_base 0.01 3.73 2.23
🥇 smem_accel_base 0.01 3.73 2.23
🥇 indexing_optimized_kernel_base 0.01 3.73 2.23
🥇 warp_divergence_min_optimized_base 0.01 3.73 2.23
🥇 divergence_free_warp_base_base 0.01 3.73 2.23
🥇 optimized_divergence_free_kernel_base 0.01 3.73 2.23
🥇 min_warp_div_kernel_base 0.01 3.73 2.23
🥇 optimized_reduction_shfl_base 0.01 3.73 2.23
🥇 blocksize_tuning_opt_base 0.01 3.73 2.23
🥇 optimized_warp_shared_kernel_base 0.01 3.73 2.23
🥇 fused_divergence_base 0.01 3.73 2.23
🥇 optimized_hybrid_matmul_pool_base 0.01 3.73 2.23
🥇 optimized_hybrid_kernel_base 0.01 3.73 2.23
🥇 evenly_distributed_kernel_base 0.01 3.73 2.23
🥇 warp_reduction_opt_kernel_base_base 0.01 3.73 2.23
🥇 unrolled_matmul_pool_base_base 0.01 3.73 2.23
🥇 hybrid_min_sync_kernel_base 0.01 3.73 2.23
🥇 uniform_no_div_kernel_base 0.01 3.73 2.23
🥇 shared_warp_optimized_base 0.01 3.73 2.23
🥇 optimized_divergence_free_kernel_base 0.01 3.73 2.23
#include <torch/extension.h>
#include <cuda.h>
#include <cuda_runtime.h>

__global__ void optimized_module_fn_kernel(
    const float* __restrict__ x,
    const float* __restrict__ weight,
    const float* __restrict__ bias,
    float* __restrict__ output,
    int B,           // batch_size
    int inF,         // number of input features
    int outF,        // number of output features
    int kernel_size,
    float scale_factor
) {
    int b = blockIdx.x;
    if (b >= B) return;

    // Shared memory layout
    extern __shared__ float smem[];
    float* shared_x = smem;                        // size: inF
    float* local_out = shared_x + inF;            // size: outF
    float* partial_sums = local_out + outF;       // size: blockDim.x

    // Cooperative loading of input vector into shared memory
    for (int i = threadIdx.x; i < inF; i += blockDim.x) {
        shared_x[i] = x[b * inF + i];
    }
    __syncthreads();

    // Compute linear transformation using warp-level parallelism
    #pragma unroll 4
    for (int j = threadIdx.x; j < outF; j += blockDim.x) {
        float val = bias[j];
        for (int i = 0; i < inF; i++) {
            val = __fmaf_rn(shared_x[i], weight[j * inF + i], val);
        }
        local_out[j] = val;
    }
    __syncthreads();

    // Max pooling with improved memory access pattern
    int pooled_len = (outF >= kernel_size) ? (1 + (outF - kernel_size) / kernel_size) : 0;
    
    float sum_local = 0.0f;
    #pragma unroll 2
    for (int seg = threadIdx.x; seg < pooled_len; seg += blockDim.x) {
        int start = seg * kernel_size;
        float m_val = local_out[start];
        
        #pragma unroll
        for (int offset = 1; offset < kernel_size; offset++) {
            m_val = fmaxf(m_val, local_out[start + offset]);
        }
        sum_local += m_val;
    }
    partial_sums[threadIdx.x] = sum_local;
    __syncthreads();

    // Warp-optimized reduction
    if (threadIdx.x < 32) {
        #pragma unroll
        for (int offset = blockDim.x/2; offset >= 32; offset >>= 1) {
            partial_sums[threadIdx.x] += partial_sums[threadIdx.x + offset];
            __syncthreads();
        }
        
        // Warp-level reduction (no sync needed within a warp)
        if (threadIdx.x < 16) partial_sums[threadIdx.x] += partial_sums[threadIdx.x + 16];
        if (threadIdx.x < 8)  partial_sums[threadIdx.x] += partial_sums[threadIdx.x + 8];
        if (threadIdx.x < 4)  partial_sums[threadIdx.x] += partial_sums[threadIdx.x + 4];
        if (threadIdx.x < 2)  partial_sums[threadIdx.x] += partial_sums[threadIdx.x + 2];
        if (threadIdx.x < 1)  partial_sums[threadIdx.x] += partial_sums[threadIdx.x + 1];
    }

    if (threadIdx.x == 0) {
        output[b] = partial_sums[0] * scale_factor;
    }
}

at::Tensor forward(
    at::Tensor x,
    int64_t kernel_size,
    double scale_factor,
    at::Tensor weight,
    at::Tensor bias
) {
    TORCH_CHECK(x.is_cuda(), "x must be a CUDA tensor");
    TORCH_CHECK(weight.is_cuda(), "weight must be a CUDA tensor");
    TORCH_CHECK(bias.is_cuda(), "bias must be a CUDA tensor");
    TORCH_CHECK(x.dim() == 2, "x must have shape (batch_size, in_features)");
    TORCH_CHECK(weight.dim() == 2, "weight must have shape (out_features, in_features)");
    TORCH_CHECK(bias.dim() == 1, "bias must have shape (out_features)");

    const auto B = x.size(0);
    const auto inF = x.size(1);
    const auto outF = weight.size(0);
    
    auto out = torch::empty({B}, x.options());

    const int threads = 256;
    size_t sharedMemSize = (inF + outF + threads) * sizeof(float);

    optimized_module_fn_kernel<<<B, threads, sharedMemSize>>>(
        x.data_ptr<float>(),
        weight.data_ptr<float>(),
        bias.data_ptr<float>(),
        out.data_ptr<float>(),
        B,
        inF,
        outF,
        (int)kernel_size,
        (float)scale_factor
    );

    return out;
}

PYBIND11_MODULE(TORCH_EXTENSION_NAME, m) {
    m.def("forward", &forward, "Optimized CUDA forward implementation");
}
Performance Metrics
Metric Value Unit Variance Samples
Executed Ipc Active 0.200 inst/cycle 0.000 5
Executed Ipc Elapsed 0.100 inst/cycle 0.000 5
Issue Slots Busy 5.034 % 0.004 5
Issued Ipc Active 0.202 inst/cycle 0.000 5
SM Busy 5.034 % 0.004 5
Memory Throughput 5215296048.798 byte/second 3399980211327336.000 5
Mem Busy 6.624 % 0.010 5
Max Bandwidth 3.570 % 0.002 5
L1/TEX Hit Rate 79.630 % 0.000 5
L2 Hit Rate 108.800 % 0.483 5
Mem Pipes Busy 2.112 % 0.001 5
Warp Cycles Per Issued Instruction 35.382 cycle 0.858 5
Warp Cycles Per Executed Instruction 35.828 cycle 0.873 5
Avg. Active Threads Per Warp 26.810 0.000 5
Avg. Not Predicated Off Threads Per Warp 23.650 0.000 5
Max Active Clusters 0.000 cluster 0.000 5
Max Cluster Size 8.000 block 0.000 5
Overall GPU Occupancy 0.000 % 0.000 5
Cluster Occupancy 0.000 % 0.000 5
Block Limit SM 32.000 block 0.000 5
Block Limit Registers 8.000 block 0.000 5
Block Limit Shared Mem 30.000 block 0.000 5
Block Limit Warps 8.000 block 0.000 5
Theoretical Active Warps per SM 64.000 warp 0.000 5
Theoretical Occupancy 100.000 % 0.000 5
Achieved Occupancy 11.008 % 0.000 5
Achieved Active Warps Per SM 7.044 warp 0.000 5
Analysis Rules
Rule Description
WRN HighPipeUtilization All compute pipelines are under-utilized. Either this kernel is very small or it doesn't issue enough warps per scheduler. Check the Launch Statistics and Scheduler Statistics sections for further details.
INF CPIStall Check the Warp Stall Sampling (All Cycles) table for the top stall locations in your source based on sampling data. The Kernel Profiling Guide (https://docs.nvidia.com/nsight-compute/ProfilingGuide/index.html#metrics-reference) provides more details on each stall reason.
WRN ThreadDivergence Instructions are executed in warps, which are groups of 32 threads. Optimal instruction throughput is achieved if all 32 threads of a warp execute the same instruction. The chosen launch configuration, early thread completion, and divergent flow control can significantly lower the number of active threads in a warp per cycle. This kernel achieves an average of 26.8 threads being active per cycle. This is further reduced to 23.7 threads per warp due to predication. The compiler may use predication to avoid an actual branch. Instead, all instructions are scheduled, but a per-thread condition code or predicate controls which threads execute the instructions. Try to avoid different execution paths within a warp when possible. In addition, ensure your kernel makes use of Independent Thread Scheduling, which allows a warp to reconverge after a data-dependent conditional block by explicitly calling __syncwarp().
WRN Occupancy This kernel's theoretical occupancy is not impacted by any block limit. The difference between calculated theoretical (100.0%) and measured achieved occupancy (11.0%) can be the result of warp scheduling overheads or workload imbalances during the kernel execution. Load imbalances can occur between warps within a block as well as across blocks of the same kernel. See the CUDA Best Practices Guide (https://docs.nvidia.com/cuda/cuda-c-best-practices-guide/index.html#occupancy) for more details on optimizing occupancy.
Operation / Metric Value Unit
aten::to
CPU Time 451649.12 μs
Device Time 5.73 μs
Self CPU Time 48.10 μs
Self Device Time 0.00 μs
CPU Memory Usage 0 B
Device Memory Usage 0 B
Self CPU Memory Usage 0 B
Self Device Memory Usage 0 B
aten::_to_copy
CPU Time 451601.02 μs
Device Time 5.73 μs
Self CPU Time 107.57 μs
Self Device Time 0.00 μs
CPU Memory Usage 0 B
Device Memory Usage 0 B
Self CPU Memory Usage 0 B
Self Device Memory Usage 0 B
aten::empty_strided
CPU Time 451350.10 μs
Device Time 0.00 μs
Self CPU Time 91.33 μs
Self Device Time 0.00 μs
CPU Memory Usage 0 B
Device Memory Usage 0 B
Self CPU Memory Usage 0 B
Self Device Memory Usage 0 B
cudaDeviceGetStreamPriorityRange
CPU Time 449042.30 μs
Device Time 0.00 μs
Self CPU Time 449042.30 μs
Self Device Time 0.00 μs
CPU Memory Usage 0 B
Device Memory Usage 0 B
Self CPU Memory Usage 0 B
Self Device Memory Usage 0 B
cudaLaunchKernel
CPU Time 494784.12 μs
Device Time 21348.74 μs
Self CPU Time 494784.12 μs
Self Device Time 21348.74 μs
CPU Memory Usage 0 B
Device Memory Usage 0 B
Self CPU Memory Usage 0 B
Self Device Memory Usage 0 B
optimized_module_fn_kernel(float const*, float const*, float const*, float*, int, int, int, int, float)
CPU Time 0.00 μs
Device Time 33957.31 μs
Self CPU Time 0.00 μs
Self Device Time 33957.31 μs
CPU Memory Usage 0 B
Device Memory Usage 0 B
Self CPU Memory Usage 0 B
Self Device Memory Usage 0 B
cudaEventRecord
CPU Time 21944.24 μs
Device Time 42474.98 μs
Self CPU Time 21944.24 μs
Self Device Time 42474.98 μs
CPU Memory Usage 0 B
Device Memory Usage 0 B
Self CPU Memory Usage 0 B
Self Device Memory Usage 0 B
aten::zero_
CPU Time 64828.69 μs
Device Time 634364.81 μs
Self CPU Time 12383.17 μs
Self Device Time 0.00 μs
CPU Memory Usage 0 B
Device Memory Usage 0 B
Self CPU Memory Usage 0 B
Self Device Memory Usage 0 B
aten::fill_
CPU Time 52449.91 μs
Device Time 634364.81 μs
Self CPU Time 17192.45 μs
Self Device Time 634364.81 μs
CPU Memory Usage 0 B
Device Memory Usage 0 B
Self CPU Memory Usage 0 B
Self Device Memory Usage 0 B
void at::native::vectorized_elementwise_kernel<4, at::native::FillFunctor<int>, at::detail::Array<char*, 1> >(int, at::native::FillFunctor<int>, at::detail::Array<char*, 1>)
CPU Time 0.00 μs
Device Time 634364.81 μs
Self CPU Time 0.00 μs
Self Device Time 634364.81 μs
CPU Memory Usage 0 B
Device Memory Usage 0 B
Self CPU Memory Usage 0 B
Self Device Memory Usage 0 B
Status: Completed
45295 warnings generated when compiling for host.
Suppressed 45325 warnings (45278 in non-user code, 47 NOLINT).
Use -header-filter=.* to display errors from all non-system headers. Use -system-headers to display errors from system headers as well.
/home/robert_sakana_ai/llm_cuda/experiments/20250203_optimize_b10_s4_e0_sweep/level_2/task_55/b4_s3_optimized_hybrid_kernel/base/base.cu:6:5 bugprone-easily-swappable-parameters
6 | const float* __restrict__ x,
| ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
7 | const float* __restrict__ weight,
| ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
8 | const float* __restrict__ bias,
| ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
/home/robert_sakana_ai/llm_cuda/experiments/20250203_optimize_b10_s4_e0_sweep/level_2/task_55/b4_s3_optimized_hybrid_kernel/base/base.cu:6:31: note: the first parameter in the range is 'x'
6 | const float* __restrict__ x,
| ^
/home/robert_sakana_ai/llm_cuda/experiments/20250203_optimize_b10_s4_e0_sweep/level_2/task_55/b4_s3_optimized_hybrid_kernel/base/base.cu:8:31: note: the last parameter in the range is 'bias'
8 | const float* __restrict__ bias,
| ^~~~
/home/robert_sakana_ai/llm_cuda/experiments/20250203_optimize_b10_s4_e0_sweep/level_2/task_55/b4_s3_optimized_hybrid_kernel/base/base.cu:10:5: warning: 3 adjacent parameters of 'optimized_module_fn_kernel' of similar type ('int') are easily swapped by mistake [bugprone-easily-swappable-parameters]
10 | int B, // batch_size
| ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
11 | int inF, // number of input features
| ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
12 | int outF, // number of output features
| ~~~~~~~~
/home/robert_sakana_ai/llm_cuda/experiments/20250203_optimize_b10_s4_e0_sweep/level_2/task_55/b4_s3_optimized_hybrid_kernel/base/base.cu:10:9: note: the first parameter in the range is 'B'
10 | int B, // batch_size
| ^
/home/robert_sakana_ai/llm_cuda/experiments/20250203_optimize_b10_s4_e0_sweep/level_2/task_55/b4_s3_optimized_hybrid_kernel/base/base.cu:12:9: note: the last parameter in the range is 'outF'
12 | int outF, // number of output features
| ^~~~
/home/robert_sakana_ai/llm_cuda/experiments/20250203_optimize_b10_s4_e0_sweep/level_2/task_55/b4_s3_optimized_hybrid_kernel/base/base.cu:13:5: warning: 2 adjacent parameters of 'optimized_module_fn_kernel' of convertible types are easily swapped by mistake [bugprone-easily-swappable-parameters]
13 | int kernel_size,
| ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
14 | float scale_factor
| ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
/home/robert_sakana_ai/llm_cuda/experiments/20250203_optimize_b10_s4_e0_sweep/level_2/task_55/b4_s3_optimized_hybrid_kernel/base/base.cu:13:9: note: the first parameter in the range is 'kernel_size'
13 | int kernel_size,
| ^~~~~~~~~~~
/home/robert_sakana_ai/llm_cuda/experiments/20250203_optimize_b10_s4_e0_sweep/level_2/task_55/b4_s3_optimized_hybrid_kernel/base/base.cu:14:11: note: the last parameter in the range is 'scale_factor'
14 | float scale_factor
| ^~~~~~~~~~~~
/home/robert_sakana_ai/llm_cuda/experiments/20250203_optimize_b10_s4_e0_sweep/level_2/task_55/b4_s3_optimized_hybrid_kernel/base/base.cu:14:5: note: 'int' and 'float' may be implicitly converted
14 | float scale_factor
| ^
/home/robert_sakana_ai/llm_cuda/experiments/20250203_optimize_b10_s4_e0_sweep/level_2/task_55/b4_s3_optimized_hybrid_kernel/base/base.cu:16:13: warning: narrowing conversion from 'unsigned int' to signed type 'int' is implementation-defined [bugprone-narrowing-conversions]
16 | int b = blockIdx.x;
| ^
/home/robert_sakana_ai/llm_cuda/experiments/20250203_optimize_b10_s4_e0_sweep/level_2/task_55/b4_s3_optimized_hybrid_kernel/base/base.cu:26:18: warning: narrowing conversion from 'unsigned int' to signed type 'int' is implementation-defined [bugprone-narrowing-conversions]
26 | for (int i = threadIdx.x; i < inF; i += blockDim.x) {
| ^
/home/robert_sakana_ai/llm_cuda/experiments/20250203_optimize_b10_s4_e0_sweep/level_2/task_55/b4_s3_optimized_hybrid_kernel/base/base.cu:26:45: warning: narrowing conversion from 'unsigned int' to signed type 'int' is implementation-defined [bugprone-narrowing-conversions]
26 | for (int i = threadIdx.x; i < inF; i += blockDim.x) {
| ^
/home/robert_sakana_ai/llm_cuda/experiments/20250203_optimize_b10_s4_e0_sweep/level_2/task_55/b4_s3_optimized_hybrid_kernel/base/base.cu:33:18: warning: narrowing conversion from 'unsigned int' to signed type 'int' is implementation-defined [bugprone-narrowing-conversions]
33 | for (int j = threadIdx.x; j < outF; j += blockDim.x) {
| ^
/home/robert_sakana_ai/llm_cuda/experiments/20250203_optimize_b10_s4_e0_sweep/level_2/task_55/b4_s3_optimized_hybrid_kernel/base/base.cu:33:46: warning: narrowing conversion from 'unsigned int' to signed type 'int' is implementation-defined [bugprone-narrowing-conversions]
33 | for (int j = threadIdx.x; j < outF; j += blockDim.x) {
| ^
/home/robert_sakana_ai/llm_cuda/experiments/20250203_optimize_b10_s4_e0_sweep/level_2/task_55/b4_s3_optimized_hybrid_kernel/base/base.cu:47:20: warning: narrowing conversion from 'unsigned int' to signed type 'int' is implementation-defined [bugprone-narrowing-conversions]
47 | for (int seg = threadIdx.x; seg < pooled_len; seg += blockDim.x) {
| ^
/home/robert_sakana_ai/llm_cuda/experiments/20250203_optimize_b10_s4_e0_sweep/level_2/task_55/b4_s3_optimized_hybrid_kernel/base/base.cu:47:58: warning: narrowing conversion from 'unsigned int' to signed type 'int' is implementation-defined [bugprone-narrowing-conversions]
47 | for (int seg = threadIdx.x; seg < pooled_len; seg += blockDim.x) {
| ^
/home/robert_sakana_ai/llm_cuda/experiments/20250203_optimize_b10_s4_e0_sweep/level_2/task_55/b4_s3_optimized_hybrid_kernel/base/base.cu:63:27: warning: narrowing conversion from 'unsigned int' to signed type 'int' is implementation-defined [bugprone-narrowing-conversions]
63 | for (int offset = blockDim.x/2; offset >= 32; offset >>= 1) {
| ^
/home/robert_sakana_ai/llm_cuda/experiments/20250203_optimize_b10_s4_e0_sweep/level_2/task_55/b4_s3_optimized_hybrid_kernel/base/base.cu:82:16: warning: the parameter 'x' is copied for each invocation but only used as a const reference; consider making it a const reference [performance-unnecessary-value-param]
82 | at::Tensor x,
| ^
| const &
/home/robert_sakana_ai/llm_cuda/experiments/20250203_optimize_b10_s4_e0_sweep/level_2/task_55/b4_s3_optimized_hybrid_kernel/base/base.cu:85:16: warning: the parameter 'weight' is copied for each invocation but only used as a const reference; consider making it a const reference [performance-unnecessary-value-param]
85 | at::Tensor weight,
| ^
| const &
/home/robert_sakana_ai/llm_cuda/experiments/20250203_optimize_b10_s4_e0_sweep/level_2/task_55/b4_s3_optimized_hybrid_kernel/base/base.cu:86:16: warning: the parameter 'bias' is copied for each invocation but only used as a const reference; consider making it a const reference [performance-unnecessary-value-param]
86 | at::Tensor bias
| ^
| const &
/home/robert_sakana_ai/llm_cuda/experiments/20250203_optimize_b10_s4_e0_sweep/level_2/task_55/b4_s3_optimized_hybrid_kernel/base/base.cu:109:9: warning: narrowing conversion from 'int64_t' (aka 'long') to signed type 'int' is implementation-defined [bugprone-narrowing-conversions]
109 | B,
| ^
/home/robert_sakana_ai/llm_cuda/experiments/20250203_optimize_b10_s4_e0_sweep/level_2/task_55/b4_s3_optimized_hybrid_kernel/base/base.cu:110:9: warning: narrowing conversion from 'int64_t' (aka 'long') to signed type 'int' is implementation-defined [bugprone-narrowing-conversions]
110 | inF,
| ^
/home/robert_sakana_ai/llm_cuda/experiments/20250203_optimize_b10_s4_e0_sweep/level_2/task_55/b4_s3_optimized_hybrid_kernel/base/base.cu:111:9: warning: narrowing conversion from 'int64_t' (aka 'long') to signed type 'int' is implementation-defined [bugprone-narrowing-conversions]
111 | outF,
| ^